Optimizing the performance of membrane bioreactors critical relies on a multifaceted approach encompassing various operational and design parameters. Numerous strategies can be utilized to enhance biomass removal, nutrient uptake, and overall system efficiency. One key aspect involves meticulous control of hydrodynamic conditions, ensuring optimal

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors have gained considerable interest as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their efficiency in removing a variety of contaminants. This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of PVDF membrane bioreactors in various wastewater treatment applications. Factors